{"id":8264,"date":"2025-11-16T06:54:04","date_gmt":"2025-11-16T05:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clientes.munecarusa.com\/mp\/?p=8264"},"modified":"2026-02-18T01:15:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T00:15:42","slug":"robert-broom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clientes.munecarusa.com\/mp\/robert-broom\/","title":{"rendered":"Robert Broom"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb disabled_on=\u00bboff|off|off\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbFondo Men\u00fa\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#00ffff\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb0px||20px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px||0px||true|false\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb disabled_on=\u00bboff|off|off\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbIntroducci\u00f3n\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.2&#8243; 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_module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb title_font=\u00bb|600||on|||||\u00bb title_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb title_text_color=\u00bb#000000&#8243; title_font_size=\u00bb70px\u00bb title_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||10px||false|false\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbslide\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb title_font_size_tablet=\u00bb50px\u00bb title_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb title_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb title_text_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text content_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; header_4_font=\u00bb|700||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#00ffff\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.4em\u00bb background_size=\u00bbinitial\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_left\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbrepeat\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbzoom\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb11px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_4_text_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; 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Se gradu\u00f3 como m\u00e9dico en 1895 y recibi\u00f3 su doctorado en ciencias (DSc) en 1905 por la Universidad de Glasgow. Fue una figura clave en la paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados del sur de \u00c1frica y uno de los protagonistas del descubrimiento y reconocimiento de los primeros hom\u00ednidos africanos. 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_module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb-20px||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<div class=\"et_social_networks et_social_1col et_social_slide et_social_rectangle et_social_left et_social_withcounts et_social_shortcode_0 et_social_mobile_on et_social_withnetworknames et_social_outer_dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">.et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0 li,.et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0.et_social_circle ul li i.et_social_icon { background: #ff0000; } .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0.et_social_rounded .et_social_icons_container li:hover, .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0.et_social_rectangle .et_social_icons_container li:hover, .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0.et_social_circle .et_social_icons_container li:hover i.et_social_icon { background: #660000 !important; } .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0 .et_social_icons_container li:hover .et_social_icon, .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0 .et_social_networks .et_social_icons_container li:hover .et_social_network_label, .et_monarch .et_social_shortcode_0 .et_social_icons_container li:hover .et_social_networkname, .et_monarch .et_social_rounded.et_social_shortcode_0 .et_social_icons_container li:hover .et_social_count, .et_monarch .et_social_rectangle.et_social_shortcode_0 .et_social_icons_container li:hover .et_social_count { color: #ffffff !important; }<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"et_social_icons_container\"><li class=\"et_social_like\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"et_social_follow\" data-social_name=\"like\" data-social_type=\"like\" data-post_id=\"0\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"et_social_icon et_social_icon_like\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_social_network_label\"><div class=\"et_social_networkname\">Me gusta<\/div><div class=\"et_social_count\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_social_count_label\">Likes<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_social_overlay\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_post_title meta=\u00bboff\u00bb featured_image=\u00bboff\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb title_font=\u00bb|600||on|||||\u00bb title_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb title_text_color=\u00bb#000000&#8243; title_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb title_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||0px||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb title_font_size_tablet=\u00bb30px\u00bb title_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb title_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text content_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb disabled_on=\u00bboff|off|off\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbSubt\u00edtulo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; 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custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00bbNacionalidad\u00bb open=\u00bbon\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]Sud\u00e1frica[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00bbTiempo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb open=\u00bboff\u00bb]1866 \u2013 1951[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00bbDatos Profesionales\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb open=\u00bboff\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00bb0&#8243;]Profesor de zoolog\u00eda y geolog\u00eda en el Victoria College de Stellenbosch<br \/>\nConservador de paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados en el Museo Sudafricano de Ciudad del Cabo[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00bb\u00c1rea de Trabajo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.5&#8243; 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Su carrera cient\u00edfica estuvo marcada por una combinaci\u00f3n de brillantez, excentricidad y una personalidad apasionada que lo llev\u00f3 a enfrentarse tanto a instituciones como a colegas.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom naci\u00f3 en el n\u00famero 66 de Back Sneddon Street en Paisley, Renfrewshire, Escocia, hijo de John Broom, dise\u00f1ador de estampados de calic\u00f3 y chales de Paisley, y Agnes Hunter Shearer. En 1893 se cas\u00f3 con Mary Baird Baillie, su novia de la infancia, con quien mantuvo un matrimonio estable durante toda su vida.<\/p>\n<p>En sus estudios de medicina en la Universidad de Glasgow, Robert Broom se especializ\u00f3 en obstetricia. Tras graduarse en 1895, viaj\u00f3 a Australia, donde se ganaba la vida ejerciendo la medicina. Se estableci\u00f3 en Sud\u00e1frica en 1897, justo antes de la Guerra de los B\u00f3ers. De 1903 a 1910 fue profesor de Zoolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda en el Victoria College de Stellenbosch (posteriormente Universidad de Stellenbosch), pero fue destituido por promover la teor\u00eda de la evoluci\u00f3n, lo que refleja el clima conservador de la \u00e9poca. Estableci\u00f3 una consulta m\u00e9dica en la regi\u00f3n del Karoo, en Sud\u00e1frica, una zona rica en f\u00f3siles de ter\u00e1psidos. Gracias a sus continuos estudios de estos f\u00f3siles y de la anatom\u00eda de los mam\u00edferos, fue nombrado miembro de la Royal Society en 1920.<\/p>\n<p>Tras el descubrimiento del ni\u00f1o de Taung por Raymond Dart en 1924, Broom se interes\u00f3 profundamente por la b\u00fasqueda de ancestros humanos y comenz\u00f3 a trabajar con f\u00f3siles mucho m\u00e1s recientes procedentes de las cuevas de dolomita al noroeste de Johannesburgo, en particular la cueva de Sterkfontein (actualmente parte del sitio Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Cuna de la Humanidad). Adem\u00e1s de describir muchos f\u00f3siles de mam\u00edferos de estas cuevas, identific\u00f3 varios f\u00f3siles de hom\u00ednidos, el m\u00e1s completo de los cuales fue un cr\u00e1neo de australopiteco, apodado Sra. Ples, y un esqueleto parcial que indicaba que los australopitecos caminaban erguidos. Estos hallazgos fueron fundamentales para demostrar que los australopitecos eran hom\u00ednidos b\u00edpedos y no simples simios.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom muri\u00f3 en Pretoria, Sud\u00e1frica, en 1951.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom se dio a conocer inicialmente por su estudio de los ter\u00e1psidos. Tras el descubrimiento del Ni\u00f1o de Taung, un australopiteco infantil, por Raymond Dart, el inter\u00e9s de Broom por la paleoantropolog\u00eda se intensific\u00f3. La carrera de Broom parec\u00eda haber llegado a su fin y se hund\u00eda en la pobreza cuando Dart escribi\u00f3 a Jan Smuts para informarle de su situaci\u00f3n. Smuts, presionando al gobierno sudafricano, logr\u00f3 conseguirle a Broom un puesto en 1934 en el Museo de Transvaal, en Pretoria, como asistente de paleontolog\u00eda. Desde all\u00ed, Broom inici\u00f3 una de las etapas m\u00e1s productivas de su vida cient\u00edfica.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom ha sido descrito como \u00abuno de los grandes paleont\u00f3logos del Karoo (y, en particular, de los ter\u00e1psidos)\u00bb, habiendo logrado describir 369 holotipos de ter\u00e1psidos a lo largo de su vida, a los que adscribi\u00f3 168 g\u00e9neros nuevos. Broom tiene fama de \u00abdividedor\u00bb, lo que ha dado como resultado que solo alrededor del 57 % de sus holotipos se sigan considerando v\u00e1lidos a fecha de 2003. Aun as\u00ed, su contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento de los ter\u00e1psidos \u2014los \u201creptiles mamiferoides\u201d que precedieron a los mam\u00edferos\u2014 fue monumental.<\/p>\n<p>En los a\u00f1os siguientes, \u00e9l y John T. Robinson realizaron una serie de hallazgos espectaculares, incluyendo fragmentos de seis homininos en Sterkfontein, a los que denominaron Plesianthropus transvaalensis, popularmente llamados Sra. Ples, pero que posteriormente fueron clasificados como un Australopithecus africanus adulto, as\u00ed como otros descubrimientos en yacimientos de Kromdraai y Swartkrans.<\/p>\n<p>En 1937, Broom realiz\u00f3 su descubrimiento m\u00e1s famoso al definir el g\u00e9nero de homininos robustos Paranthropus con el hallazgo de Paranthropus robustus. Estos descubrimientos contribuyeron a respaldar las afirmaciones de Dart sobre las especies de Taung y consolidaron la importancia de Sud\u00e1frica en la paleoantropolog\u00eda mundial.<\/p>\n<p>Por su volumen Los hombres-mono f\u00f3siles de Sud\u00e1frica, los Australopithecus, en el que propuso la subfamilia Australopithecus, Broom recibi\u00f3 la Medalla Daniel Giraud Elliot de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en 1946.<\/p>\n<p>El resto de la carrera de Robert Broom lo dedic\u00f3 a la exploraci\u00f3n de estos yacimientos y a la interpretaci\u00f3n de los numerosos restos de hom\u00ednidos primitivos all\u00ed descubiertos. Continu\u00f3 escribiendo hasta el final. Poco antes de su muerte, termin\u00f3 una monograf\u00eda sobre los australopitecos y le coment\u00f3 a su sobrino: \u00abAhora que eso ha terminado\u2026 yo tambi\u00e9n\u00bb. Esta frase se ha convertido en una de las m\u00e1s citadas de la historia de la paleoantropolog\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom era un inconformista profundamente interesado en lo paranormal y el espiritualismo; criticaba el darwinismo y el materialismo. Cre\u00eda en la evoluci\u00f3n espiritual. En su libro El origen del hombre: \u00bfAccidente o designio? (1933), afirmaba que la evoluci\u00f3n hab\u00eda sido guiada por \u00abagencias espirituales\u00bb, ya que los animales y las plantas eran demasiado complejos para haber surgido por azar. Seg\u00fan Broom, exist\u00edan al menos dos tipos diferentes de fuerzas espirituales, y los m\u00e9diums eran capaces de percibirlas. Broom sosten\u00eda que la evoluci\u00f3n ten\u00eda un plan y un prop\u00f3sito, y que el origen del Homo sapiens era el fin \u00faltimo de la evoluci\u00f3n. Seg\u00fan Robert Broom, \u00abgran parte de la evoluci\u00f3n parece haber sido planeada para dar como resultado al hombre, y a otros animales y plantas, para hacer del mundo un lugar adecuado para que lo habitara\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Tras descubrir el cr\u00e1neo de la se\u00f1ora Ples, se le pregunt\u00f3 a Broom si hab\u00eda excavado al azar; Broom respondi\u00f3 que los esp\u00edritus le hab\u00edan dicho d\u00f3nde encontrar sus descubrimientos. Este tipo de declaraciones, aunque chocantes hoy, reflejan su personalidad exc\u00e9ntrica y su visi\u00f3n espiritualista del mundo.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom ten\u00eda un marcado inter\u00e9s por los pueblos khoisan, que inclu\u00eda la recolecci\u00f3n de sus restos, incluso los de personas recientemente fallecidas, as\u00ed como la exhumaci\u00f3n de tumbas antiguas. Robert Broom comenz\u00f3 a recolectar restos humanos modernos en 1897, poco despu\u00e9s de mudarse a Sud\u00e1frica. Ese a\u00f1o recolect\u00f3 los restos de tres ancianos hotentotes que hab\u00edan muerto cerca de Port Nolloth tras una sequ\u00eda en la regi\u00f3n. Broom declar\u00f3 que les cort\u00f3 la cabeza y la hirvi\u00f3 en latas de parafina en la estufa de la cocina. Sus cr\u00e1neos fueron enviados posteriormente a la facultad de medicina de la Universidad de Edimburgo, junto con un feto de siete meses, del cual Broom hab\u00eda extra\u00eddo el cerebro, que conserv\u00f3 por separado.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom tambi\u00e9n obtuvo restos de prisioneros fallecidos, y declar\u00f3: \u00abSi un prisionero muere y uno quiere su esqueleto, probablemente haya dos o tres regulaciones que lo impidan, pero al entusiasta no le preocupan esas regulaciones\u00bb. Broom dijo que hab\u00eda enterrado varios cad\u00e1veres en su jard\u00edn, dej\u00e1ndolos descomponerse antes de recuperar sus huesos. Entre estos restos se incluyen los de dos hombres que estuvieron presos en la c\u00e1rcel de Douglas: Andreas Links, un hombre !Ora de 18 a\u00f1os (catalogado como MMK 264), y un joven de 18 a\u00f1os perteneciente a la tribu Langeberg (catalogado como MMK 283), a quien se le tom\u00f3 una fotograf\u00eda en vida a petici\u00f3n de Robert Broom, a pesar de que esto contraven\u00eda las normas. Los esqueletos de ambos hombres se incorporaron a las colecciones del Museo McGregor en 1921.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Broom describi\u00f3 a los pueblos khoisan como una raza \u00abdegenerada\u00bb y \u00abdegradada\u00bb, especulando en 1907 que descend\u00edan de \u00abla raza que construy\u00f3 las pir\u00e1mides\u00bb y de los \u00abmongoloides\u00bb, pero que hab\u00edan \u00abdegenerado\u00bb debido al clima c\u00e1lido de Sud\u00e1frica. En sus obras posteriores, dividi\u00f3 a los pueblos khoisan en tres razas: bosquimanos, hotentotes y korana, bas\u00e1ndose en supuestas diferencias tipol\u00f3gicas, siendo el esqueleto de Links el esp\u00e9cimen tipo de la raza korana. Otros antrop\u00f3logos contempor\u00e1neos cuestionaron este sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n, especialmente el de la raza korana. Robert Broom afirm\u00f3 posteriormente haber \u00abinventado a los korana\u00bb. Todos estos sistemas de clasificaci\u00f3n racial tipol\u00f3gica est\u00e1n desacreditados hoy en d\u00eda, por basarse en criterios vagos, lo que resulta en una categorizaci\u00f3n r\u00edgida y arbitraria. El anatomista Goran \u0160trkalj escribi\u00f3 que: \u00abEs obvio que el trabajo antropol\u00f3gico de Broom estuvo\u2026 influenciado por los estereotipos y prejuicios racistas de la \u00e9poca\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>A pesar de estas sombras, su contribuci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica en paleontolog\u00eda y paleoantropolog\u00eda es inmensa. 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